Like " utilitarian" and " pragmatic", the word "meritocratic" has also developed a broader connotation, and is sometimes used to refer to any government run by "a ruling or influential class of educated or able people". In a more general sense, meritocracy can refer to any form of evaluation based on achievement. These are often determined through evaluations or examinations. The "most common definition of meritocracy conceptualizes merit in terms of tested competency and ability, and most likely, as measured by IQ or standardized achievement tests." In government and other administrative systems, "meritocracy" refers to a system under which advancement within the system turns on "merits", like performance, intelligence, credentials, and education. Meritocracy was most famously argued by Plato, in his book The Republic and stood to become one of the foundations of politics in the Western world.
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